Tamotsu for premature aging syndrome

Tamotsu in premature aging syndrome

It is known that aging is a multifactorial biological process that inevitably affects every person. The processes of degeneration, starting at the cellular and molecular levels, gradually affect the change in the functionality of all human organs and systems.

Premature aging is the most common form of aging of people after the age of 40-50 years, which is manifested by a partial or general acceleration of the rate of aging, leading to the fact that a person is "ahead" of the average level of aging of his age group. The set of the pathological changes characteristic of the described phenomenon is called premature aging syndrome. Premature aging syndrome is a new interdisciplinary field of medical science and practice based on evidence-based medicine approaches and includes individualized early detection, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of clinical conditions and diseases associated with age [1].
Recent studies have shown that cellular aging should be considered a complex of heterogeneous but interrelated mechanisms in which gene products are directly or indirectly involved. It is known that the rate of aging largely depends on the ability of the cell to respond to various cytotoxic stress effects, repair DNA, form and destroy reactive oxygen species (ROS) under oxidative stress, as well as on proliferative activity [2].
As the body ages, the processes of lipid peroxidation, the formation of free radicals and ROS increase, the level of various markers of inflammation increases, which ultimately leads to a wide range of DNA damage, disruption of epigenetic regulation, depletion of the proliferative potential of the cell, excessive shortening of telomeres.

Evidence for a causal relationship between the accumulation of genetic damage throughout life and aging comes from studies conducted on mice and humans. The inferiority of DNA repair mechanisms accelerates aging in mice in the experiment [3] and underlies progeroid syndromes such as HutchinsonвАУGuilford syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosa, trichotiodystrophy, Coccain syndrome and Seckel syndrome.

There is evidence that cellular mechanisms and signalling pathways regulating the aging process are controlled by TOR protein kinase (mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR) and tumor suppressor p53 [4-8].

The mTOR protein regulates intracellular metabolism by triggering a cascade of protein phosphorylation, as well as transcription and translation factors. In addition, mTOR acts as a key component regulating the balance between growth and autophagy in response to changes in physiological conditions in the cell or external stress [6].

With depletion of ATP reserves in the cell, the level of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) increases and 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK) is activated, transmitting a signal about stopping such energy-consuming processes as translation and ribosome biogenesis to mTOR, thereby enhancing catabolic and suppressing anabolic reactions in the cell [9].

The role of mTOR in aging and age-associated diseases has been demonstrated in experiments on mice [10], nematode Caenorhabditis elegans [11], fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster [12], budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [13]. In the conducted studies, inhibition of mTORC1 expression by the antibiotic rapamycin significantly prolonged the life of all organisms.

As already mentioned earlier, one of the most widely known mechanisms of biological aging is the effect of free radicals on the cell, under the influence of which mitochondria are damaged, mutations accumulate, cell membranes are destroyed and other pathological processes occur [14].
As is known, free radicals or reactive oxygen species have a pathological effect on the biological membranes of cells, which include phospholipids, damaging them. Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the surface of the cell membrane leads to an increase in the viscosity of the membranes and a partial loss of barrier function, thereby enhancing the processes of premature aging [15].

Disturbances of metabolic processes in the cell become more pronounced, which can be caused by changes in the activity of enzymes associated either with their direct inactivation due to oxidative destruction, or due to oxidative disruption of the nucleic acids encoding them and regulation of the activity of transcription factors. Under conditions of oxidative stress, profound changes in the metabolism of proteins, fats, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and water-electrolyte metabolism are observed [16].

The counteraction to the influence of free radicals is facilitated by the intake of antioxidants into the body from various sources that give their electrons to radicals and contribute to the cessation of negative processes of cell destruction [14].

Currently, it is the rational, balanced intake of antioxidants from food that is an important environmental factor, a certain link that directly affects human health, and from a practical point of view, a means both prolonging average life expectancy and reducing the risk of premature aging [17-20].

Taking into account the latest trends in modern nutritionology, the use of dietary supplements containing components of natural origin with antioxidant effects is extremely relevant.
One of the new representatives of this group of products, having a balanced composition of natural origin, involved in the correction of the nutritional domain, is a source of coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) and scallop extract (Plasmalogen) Yesso (Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay, 1856) (manufacturer B&S Corporation Co., Ltd, 4-1-28 Kudankita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073, Japan). The plasmalogens and coenzyme Q10 included in dietary supplements have pronounced antioxidant, as well as neuro-, cardiomyocyte-, hepatocytoprotective effects, which allows them to play a protective role in the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids [21].
It is worth noting that lipids, which include plasmalogens, are a large and structurally diverse group of biomolecules that play an important role in maintaining the energy balance of the cell and the implementation of intracellular and intercellular signalling [22]. Also, the main mechanism of action of the combination of plasmalogens with coenzyme Q10 is associated with the effect on the components of the energy imbalance and with blocking the maximum number of "very-like" photochemical reactions of the oxidative cascade [23].

Plasmalogens account for about 30% of the total amount of brain phospholipids and about 70% of all glycerophospholipids in myelin, are structural components of membranes, depots of secondary messengers, play a role in membrane synthesis, ion transfer and cholesterol outflow [24].

It is well known that the sources of plasmalogens are the heart muscle and brain of mammals, the skin of birds (chicken) and the fat fraction of marine invertebrates (for example, starfish, scallop) [25-27]. The listed foods are quite specific and may not always be eaten. However, marine molluscs, which are a popular food in many countries, are rich in plasmonic phospholipids.

Another, no less significant, natural antioxidant included in the composition is coenzyme (syn. coenzyme) Q10. His role is widely known. Coenzyme Q10 participates in oxidative phosphorylation reactions, in which the energy formed during the oxidation of nutrients is stored in the mitochondria of cells in the form of ATP [28, 29]. In addition, coenzyme Q10 restores the antioxidant activity of vitamin E [28]. At the same time, with increasing age, the synthesis of coenzyme Q10 practically stops.

Of course, the most optimal source of any natural antioxidants in the human body is food. In this regard, the formation of a person's correct ideas about a rational, balanced diet as part of preventive multimodal programs is an important factor in maintaining overall health. In addition, in case of insufficient intake of the necessary micro- and macroelements, coenzymes, antioxidants in the composition of food products, additional nutritional correction is necessary through the use of bioregulating nutraceutical preparations вАУ chronoblockers, biologically active additives, superfoods with the maximum possible content of coenzyme Q10, as well as plasmalogens [28, 29].

To date, dietary supplements and superfoods, which include natural components with antioxidant effects, are beginning to occupy leading positions in preventive programs aimed at curbing premature aging, which exactly corresponds to new trends and ideas of the preventive approach in modern gerontology and the concept of pro-medicine: multimodal application of techniques that in their entirety they affect the hormonal profile, hypothalamic-pituitary-effector axes, stimulate immunity, they initiate the production of endorphins and other signalling molecules, reduce the level of chronic stress by cortisol-mediated mechanism, and also increase the effectiveness of intermolecular signalling, reduce the level of proinflammatory hypercytokinemia and oxidative stress [30, 31].